The struggle of farmers in Colombia's coca-growing regions is a complex and deeply concerning issue. The story of Perea, who once vowed to quit the cocaine industry but returned to coca cultivation due to a lack of promised assistance, highlights the challenges faced by those trying to break free from the drug trade. This narrative serves as a stark reminder of the limitations of government-led substitution programs and the ongoing impact of the global cocaine market on local communities.
The coca leaf, an ancestral crop traditionally used by indigenous communities, has become synonymous with the production of cocaine, a drug that dominates the global market. Colombia, in particular, contributes significantly to this supply, with an estimated 70% of the world's cocaine originating from the country. The quick harvests, ease of transportation, and stable prices make coca cultivation an attractive option for farmers, despite the associated violence and insecurity.
The National Comprehensive Programme for the Substitution of Illicit Crops (PNIS) was introduced in 2017 as a response to the 2016 peace deal between the government and Farc. The program aimed to provide financial support, technical assistance, and advice on soil management to farmers willing to abandon coca cultivation. However, the initiative faced numerous challenges, including delayed payments, a lack of technical support, and poor coordination between agencies. These issues led to a weakened momentum and a shift in political priorities, with the government refocusing on eradication and security strategies.
The fragility of the security context in Colombia further complicates the situation. Armed groups have filled the vacuum left by the disbanding of Farc, controlling trafficking routes and local economies. The government's "Total Peace" policy, which holds peace negotiations with various armed and criminal gangs, has had limited progress. The introduction of RenHacemos, a new substitution program, aims to address the shortcomings of PNIS by diversifying local economies and providing broader assistance. However, analysts question whether such approaches can deliver lasting change.
The story of Perea and the challenges faced by other farmers underscore the skepticism surrounding government support for those trying to move away from coca. The ongoing demand for cocaine, particularly in the US and Europe, and the presence of alternative markets, ensure that the cultivation of coca will continue to thrive. The complex interplay between local communities, the government, and the global drug trade highlights the need for comprehensive and sustainable solutions to address the root causes of the issue.
